Most people are aware that gasoline sucks as a fuel and is responsible for a large portion of carbon emissions, but defenders love to trot out that “if every end consumer gave up their car, it would only remove like 10% of carbon emissions”
I can find tons of literature about the impact gasoline vehicles have, but is there any broader studies that consider other factors—like manufacture, maintenance, and city planning—while exploring the environmental and/or economic impact of cars and car culture?
I know there’s great sources that have made these critiques, but I’m looking for scientific papers that present all the data in a single holistic analysis
[California Air Resources] Brake & Tire Wear Emissions
[NIH] Secondary particulate matter in the United States
so much, as you mention, is focused on the exhaust emissions, while ignoring the knock-on, indirect, and delayed effects
a couple more additions
If we account to impacts on wildlife as well, there’s displacement of species, stressors to local fauna, and the innumerable roadkills as well