On the shell you can use the command

adb shell mount

to see all mounted filesystems. This inclused the filesystems of your work profile. It could be required to run adb as root, then you need to enter

adb root

first

Not exactly sure what you’re asking for but

cat /proc/mounts

will reveal all mount points on the device aswell as which device is mounted there.

If you know the name of the partition, you can access it in /dev/block/by-name, or find out where they point to by using ls -lah /dev/block/by-name

But not really sure what you’re asking

If you want to copy a partition, you’re going to need to have root access.