The Terracotta Army refers to the thousands of life-size clay models of soldiers, horses, and chariots which were deposited around the grand mausoleum of Shi Huangdi, first emperor of China and founder of the Qin dynasty, located near Lishan in Shaanxi Province, central China. The purpose of the army was likely to act as guardian figures for the tomb or to serve their ruler in the next life. The site was discovered in 1974 CE, and the realistic army figures provide a unique insight into ancient Chinese warfare from weapons to armour or chariot mechanics to command structures. Shi Huangdi was desperate for immortality, and in the end, his terracotta army of over 7000 warriors, 600 horses, and 100 chariots has given him just that, at least in name and deed. The site of the mausoleum is a UNESCO World Heritage Site even if the inner tomb itself has yet to be excavated.

China’s First Emperor

Shi Huangdi (also known as Qin Shi Huang qin-shi-huangdi-fireball ) was the king of the Qin state, who unified China from 221 BCE and then founded the Qin dynasty. He ruled as China’s first emperor until his death in 210 BCE. His reign was short but packed full of incidents, most of them infamous enough to earn Shi Huangdi a lasting reputation as a megalomaniac despot. The period saw the building of the Great Wall of China, the infamous Burning of the Books, where thousands of literary and philosophical works were destroyed, and the construction of a sumptuous royal palace. The emperor seems to have been especially keen on acquiring immortality, a quest no doubt given further motivation by his survival of three assassination attempts. Scientists were given the task of discovering life-prolonging elixirs, and young emissaries were sent across the Eastern Sea in search of the fabled Penglai, land of the immortals

Failing in these endeavours to unnaturally prolong his life Shi Huangdi fell back on the age-old standby of autocratic rulers and had a huge mausoleum built instead. In fact, the whole massive project was begun in the early years of his reign as it required a prodigious amount of work to get it ready. An administrative district was established at the site with 30,000 families forcibly relocated there and given the task of building the biggest tomb ever seen in China’s history or anyone else’s. Eventually, no doubt as Huangdi realised time was running short, hundreds of thousands of forced labourers were sent to push the project to completion. One way or another, Shi Huangdi was going to be remembered long after his reign. The Terracotta Army seems to have achieved that goal.

Huangdi’s Mausoleum

The mausoleum of Shi Huangdi, actually an entire multi-burial complex which covers an incredible 35 to 60 square kilometres, was discovered in 1974 CE buried at the foot of the artificial Mt. Li near Lishan (modern Lintong), 50 km east of the Qin capital Xianyang in Shaanxi Province, central China. The tomb itself remains unexcavated but its spectacular army of terracotta defenders has, in part, been revealed and already earned the site the title of “Greatest Tomb in the World”. The tumulus of the buried tomb takes the form of a three-stepped pyramid, measures an impressive 1,640 metres in circumference, 350 metres along each side, and rising to a height of 60 metres. The whole is surrounded by a double wall.

Legend has it that the tomb contains vast riches but includes fiendish traps to ensure Huangdi rests forever in peace.

The floor map with its geographical models and painted universe ceiling were symbolic of the emperor’s status as Son of Heaven and God’s ruler on earth. Qian also notes that members of Huangdi’s harem were entombed with their dead emperor and many craftsmen and labourers, too, in order to keep the fabulous wealth of Huangdi’s grave goods a secret for all time.

The Terracotta Warriors

To protect his tomb or perhaps even to ensure he had a handy bodyguard in the next life, Shi Huangdi went a whole lot better than his predecessors. Rulers in ancient China commonly had two or three statues to stand as guardians outside their tombs but Huangdi went for a whole army of them. The Terracotta Army is actually one of only four in all likelihood as that portion so far excavated - 1.5 km distant from the mausoleum - is on the eastern side and is probably duplicated on the other three sides of the tumulus. Even this one-quarter section has not been fully excavated with only three of its four pits having been fully explored by archaeologists.

The main pit of the four which contain the discovered army measures 230 x 62 metres and is 4 to 6 metres deep. It had around 6,000 slightly larger than life-size depictions of infantrymen (1.8-1.9 metres tall), chariots and horses. The pit, originally with wooden columns supporting a wood beam ceiling, is partitioned by 10 brick-lined corridors. The floor was made from compacted earth which was then paved with over 250,000 ceramic tiles. The second pit, which is slightly smaller and R-shaped, had some 1,400 figures in it. In keeping with an obvious attempt to recreate exactly a real army, pit 3, measuring 21 x 17 metres, contains commanders and resembles a command post in the field.

Besides infantry, the army includes 600 horses and almost 100 chariots which carry officers and riders and have either a two, three, or four-horse team. The soldiers were set in regular rows and are depicted in different postures - most are standing while some are crouching. Their mix and particular arrangement of officers (slightly taller than everyone else with their general being tallest of all), cavalry, crossbowmen, skirmishers, archers, charioteers, and grooms give the illusion of a complete battlefield army ready for action. There are light infantry units with archers positioned at the flanks and front, the heavy infantry behind them, while chariots bring up the rear with their officers, matching the troop deployments mentioned in ancient military treatises.

The scale of the enterprise must have required a huge quantity of firewood to fuel the pottery kilns that made the figures, not to mention the countless tons of clay from local deposits needed to make figures weighing up to 200 kilos each. Besides the breathtaking finished result, the undertaking was a triumph of organisation and planning.

Much effort was made to render each figure unique despite them all being made from a limited repertoire of assembled body parts made from moulds. These parts are 7.5 cm thick and consist of a head, torso, leg, another leg acting as a plinth, two arms and two hands. Faces and hair, in particular, were modified to give the illusion of a real army composed of unique individuals, even if in reality there are only eight types of torso and head. Hands, too, were modified with straight or bent fingers and changes in the angle of the thumb and wrist. The figures were not glazed but were lacquered to protect them and painted using bright colours - traces of red pigment remain on some figures. It is astonishing to reflect that all of this almost infinite variety and realism was never intended to be seen by anyone.

Each figure would have held a weapon of some sort, probably real ones such as swords, halberds, spears, bows and crossbows, but most of these have long since been stolen, valued as they would have been for their bronze. Those swords still in place had kept their sharp edges, and each was inscribed with their manufacturer and supervisor. The warriors have seven variations of Qin armour which is (in imitation) typically in the form of riveted or joined panels of leather or metal, a design and materials confirmed by rare archaeological finds elsewhere and in text descriptions and other art forms such as tomb-paintings elsewhere.

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  • Grownbravy [they/them]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    My girlfriend just called me crying about how she was denied an apartment because they found facebook posts and i’m doing everything in my power not to be a good boyfriend and firebomb all offices that ever had his signature.

    mao-aggro-shining

  • mechwarrior2 [he/him]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    I want you to go in that bag and find my wallet.

    Which one is it?

    It’s the one that says Whole day I’m fucking busy only get few money on it.

  • bendan [none/use name]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    Posting neat Chinese phrases whenever I feel like #24

    石油

    (shí yóu)

    Literally: “stone oil”

    Figuratively: “petroleum”

    There are plenty of words like this where I’m like “huh, what a neat way to name this, the Chinese really got language figured out” and then on a closer look I find out that the English word has the exact same structure, only obscured behind layers upon layers of Fr*nch, Lat*n and Gr**k. You’d definitely be forgiven for not knowing that Latin petra + oleum also means “stone oil”. In Chinese, I cannot emphasize enough how transparent these words usually are.

    @ProletarianDictator@hexbear.net

    • Frank [he/him, he/him]@hexbear.net
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      7 months ago

      When i was like twelve i had a whole class about breaking words down in to their greek and latin roots and it totally, permanently changed how i engage with language. Being able to look at a word and say “i know those roots” and puzzle out what it meant from context opened up so many new vistas of reading instead of paying attention in class.

  • Kolibri [she/her]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    sicko-power I was outside and all the plants and stuff are slowly starting to grow and come back to life again. I also saw two cute tiny moths. They were flying around a little

  • allthetimesivedied [they/them, she/her]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    I’m really not sure if Creamsicle is an idiot, if he’s literally just a baby whale, or if he’s fucking with me. He apparently has learned the words “yes,” “no,” and “what,” but he doesn’t [“Noooo!”] seem to [“Noooo!”] understand what they m— [“I’m a whale!”] WHAT THEY FUCKING MEAN. [“Yaaaay!”]

    (I am not actually this fucking bonkers [“And I’m a whale!”] I’m just having fun. [“Yaaaay!])

  • Thordros [he/him, comrade/them]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    Current status:

    Laying in bed, with my optimally tuned CPAP machine on, with custom ear plugs, blackout blinds, and a fitted eye mask.

    Haven’t slept for more than 45 minutes at a time for three days now. Sleep disorders are FUCKING RADICAL.

  • HarryLime [any]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    I have to give credit to the new Shogun show: it doesn’t do the orientalizing thing of portraying Samurai culture as like “the soul of Japan is Nihonto Bushido” that you’d expect from a western production (unlike, say, The Last Samurai). Instead, everything is about totally comprehensible power politics, and the Samurai are just as self serving and ambitious as they were IRL. This makes it feel more authentic to me, like a Japanese Jidaigeki series, despite the changed names (like Torunaga/Tokugawa).

  • Ho_Chi_Chungus [she/her]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    what if things like arachnophobia or acrophobia were treated like transphobia. like you went up to a spider and told it “i don’t think you should be allowed to play in competitive sports”

    • plinky [he/him]@hexbear.net
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      7 months ago

      Wot if it was arachnophobia was treated like doping violation in e-sports tho:

      competitive dota match

      dave, i think nova is in trouble here

      I think so too, clark. What is this? uh-oh, it looks like its time for unannounced WAAA (world anti arachnophobia agency) test!

      thousands of spiders are dropped on the players

      I can’t believe it dave, by god all the time watching this sport i have not seen such filth. the xxbumKillerxx jungler turns out to be an arachnophobe!

    • Poogona [he/him]@hexbear.net
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      7 months ago

      This could be kinda good for my writing career, it would take very little provocation for me to start pumping out anti-arachnophobia agitprop and I would be ahead of the curve

  • ashinadash [she/her]@hexbear.net
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    7 months ago

    I committed a fucking verbal crime today. Never before has a foot been jammed so firmly into a mouth, and I’m gonna share it with you so you can cringe too. niko-concern

    I owned myself, who gave me the ability to speak

    So I’m vacuuming hallways and shit as part of my job, y’know. It’s not common to have people navigating the long-ass yellow cable, because I do it quick, but sometimes it happens. This morning, someone in a wheelchair drove over my cable to check their mailbox or whatever, which of course stopped the vac briefly, and they apologised.

    I didn’t want them to feel like they were annoying me and I was kinda glad nobody had like, tripped and eaten shit, so I turn to this person and say

    “No worries, I’m just glad there’s no tripping hazard at least”

    lea-breakdown I felt all the blood drain out of my face immediately, holy shit. I was literally just glad it wasn’t a threat to their safety, but jesus christ what the fuck is wrong with me. I haven’t fucked up this bad in YEARS

    I considered trying to apologise to them, but I dunno if it’s worth it, I think I just have to live with the shame of the absolute worst fucking gaffe anyone’s ever uttered in human history, holy fuck.

      • ashinadash [she/her]@hexbear.net
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        7 months ago

        Thank you, but there’s no need to try to assuage my shame over it. I post mostly in the hope that everyone else can have a good sensible chuckle at me.

      • ashinadash [she/her]@hexbear.net
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        7 months ago

        I didn’t wanna bother them, and also I wasn’t sure it was a good idea right then. It’s one of those things where I panicked in the moment. I could do when I next see em since they live near here…

        Also it wasn’t intended as a joke, also I could not tell you what their reaction was. All of my senses sorta cut off as I realised what I’d fuckin said.

        This is why I shouldn’t be allowed outside!

    • wtypstanaccount04 [he/him]@hexbear.net
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      7 months ago

      A little while back I was chatting with a cashier at work and she said that you needed an armed guard while you empty the till (retail delenda est). I joked that “well I have arms” and did a little fake flex. She looked at me in horror and a moment of confusion was quickly replaced with shame as an amputee with one arm walked right past us.