Yes they are called mixnets in research. I don’t know of a popular implementation that you can use on any platform, but katzenpost is definitely worth taking a look at.
According to the paper summary, they compare other approaches/solutions but i haven’t read the paper (yet) so i can’t tell you which.
Are there methods which sacrifice latency further for gains in anonymity vs. something like Tor?
Yes they are called mixnets in research. I don’t know of a popular implementation that you can use on any platform, but katzenpost is definitely worth taking a look at.
According to the paper summary, they compare other approaches/solutions but i haven’t read the paper (yet) so i can’t tell you which.