I’m all for higher minimum wages, unions, paid leaves and other forms of worker protection, but it seems like the most forms of worker protection focus on maintaining a division between an employer(s) who owns the business and the employee who makes money for the business but does not own it. IMO, this division is unethical and exploitative because it denies the worker the full value of their work.
Are there any political or social movements that push for policy or legislation that makes all businesses to be worker owned cooperatives?
Yes, they are beneficial and useful, ie they provide a use-Value, but the wages of a Worker will not reflect the exact input of their labor. Marx elaborates on this in Critique of the Gotha Programme.
"But “all members of society” and “equal right” are obviously mere phrases. The kernel consists in this, that in this communist society every worker must receive the “undiminished” Lassallean “proceeds of labor”.
Let us take, first of all, the words “proceeds of labor” in the sense of the product of labor; then the co-operative proceeds of labor are the total social product.
From this must now be deducted: First, cover for replacement of the means of production used up. Second, additional portion for expansion of production. Third, reserve or insurance funds to provide against accidents, dislocations caused by natural calamities, etc.
These deductions from the “undiminished” proceeds of labor are an economic necessity, and their magnitude is to be determined according to available means and forces, and partly by computation of probabilities, but they are in no way calculable by equity.
There remains the other part of the total product, intended to serve as means of consumption.
Before this is divided among the individuals, there has to be deducted again, from it: First, the general costs of administration not belonging to production. This part will, from the outset, be very considerably restricted in comparison with present-day society, and it diminishes in proportion as the new society develops. Second, that which is intended for the common satisfaction of needs, such as schools, health services, etc. From the outset, this part grows considerably in comparison with present-day society, and it grows in proportion as the new society develops. Third, funds for those unable to work, etc., in short, for what is included under so-called official poor relief today.
Only now do we come to the “distribution” which the program, under Lassallean influence, alone has in view in its narrow fashion – namely, to that part of the means of consumption which is divided among the individual producers of the co-operative society.
The “undiminished” proceeds of labor have already unnoticeably become converted into the “diminished” proceeds, although what the producer is deprived of in his capacity as a private individual benefits him directly or indirectly in his capacity as a member of society.
Just as the phrase of the “undiminished” proceeds of labor has disappeared, so now does the phrase of the “proceeds of labor” disappear altogether.
Within the co-operative society based on common ownership of the means of production, the producers do not exchange their products; just as little does the labor employed on the products appear here as the value of these products, as a material quality possessed by them, since now, in contrast to capitalist society, individual labor no longer exists in an indirect fashion but directly as a component part of total labor. The phrase “proceeds of labor”, objectionable also today on account of its ambiguity, thus loses all meaning."
I know this was a wall of text, but it is useful for understanding the underlying makeup of Value, vs what is considered Useful, as they are distinct and separate.
I may have understated a major point:
When we work together to lift everyone up, we all receive a return that is far greater than the effort we individually put in. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and not just by a smidgeon. No, the outcomes are not always going to be perfect, but by continuing to work together for the common good, in myriad ways, with as many people as possible joining in, we will continue to approach a better existence for everyone.
Yes, generally, my point is specifically referring to the Marxist concept of Value, vs the Marxist concept of Use-Value.
Okay, that’s fair.
Using that terminology then, the Value outlaid to the common good returns a Use-Value that is worth incredibly more than if the Value had been expended individually.
Generally, yes. Workers working in common are more efficient, and as such the Value created by 1 hour of Socially Necessary Labor Time for all of society is higher, which in turn is represented by increased use-value.