Is there some formal way(s) of quantifying potential flaws, or risk, and ensuring there’s sufficient spread of tests to cover them? Perhaps using some kind of complexity measure? Or a risk assessment of some kind?
Experience tells me I need to be extra careful around certain things - user input, code generation, anything with a publicly exposed surface, third-party libraries/services, financial data, personal information (especially of minors), batch data manipulation/migration, and so on.
But is there any accepted means of formally measuring a system and ensuring that some level of test quality exists?
Bingo, exactly this. I said 80 because that’s typically what I see our projects get to after writing actually useful tests. But if your coverage is 80% and it’s all just tests verifying that a constant is still set to whatever value, then yeah, thats a useless metric.